Sun, Lateral pressure in squat silos under eccentric discharge. Rotter, Steel silos with different aspect ratios: II-behavior under eccentric discharge. Holler, Analysis of cylindrical granular material silos under seismic excitation. Clercq, Investigation into stability of a silo with concentric and eccentric emptying. Jonathan, Silos: evolution by failure (1997) Allen, Testing, evaluation, and repair methods for structural stability of coal silos, in American Power Conference, vol. Tatomirovic, The testing and repair of steel silo. Wu, The structural analysis of steel silos with cylindrical-wall bearing and profile-steel bearing. Holmes, Silo failures: why do they happen? Task Q. Rotter, The effects of patch loads on thin-walled steel silos. ![]() University of Utah Engineering Experiment Station. Goodwill, The design of large coal silos for safety, reliability and economy. Goodwill, Silo failures: lessons to be learned. The analysis also reveals that the replacement of multiple hoppers with a single hopper at the center of the silo bottom is a potential long-term solution. The addition of stiffeners at one-third height of the hopper will significantly reduce the stress concentrations which led to failure. ![]() A finite element-based model of a silo was developed, and analysis revealed the deficiency in the design of the structure which confirmed the findings of the critical observations. In situ tests like dye penetrant testing, thickness measurement of steel plates, vibration measurement of structures, and chemical analysis of the steel in the silos were carried out. The observations facilitated understanding the technical reasons of the root cause of failure. ![]() Critical observations were made to understand the pattern of the cracks, the nature of rotation of the hoppers, and the sagging of the central bottom portion of the silo. After a few years of its operation, various sign of damage such as cracks appeared in the hopper structure of the silo. The coal storage silo had four hoppers and discharge doors with a capacity of 850 tons. The paper is based on a case study and the technique used to resolve the problem of recurring failure of a steel silo that discharged coal through multiple bottom hoppers at a wagon loading station.
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